Introduction
There are certain topics that even some of the best journalists can’t fully grok. One of them is profitability. I find it amusing when a journalist writes an article about a prominent startup (either privately held or preparing for an IPO) and decries that, “They’re not even profitable!”
I mention journalists here because they perpetuate the myth of focusing on profitability. It is ALWAYS the right answer and then I hear many entrepreneurs (and certainly many “normals”) repeating the same mantra.
There is a healthy tension between profits & growth. To grow faster businesses need resources in today’s financial period to fund growth that may not come for 6 months to a year. The most obvious way to explain this is with salespeople.
If you hire 6 sales reps in January at $120,000 / year salary then you’ve taken on an extra $60,000 per month in costs yet these sales people might not close new business for 4–6 months. So your Q1 results will be $180,000 less profitable than if you hadn’t hired them.
I know this seems obvious but I promise you that even smart people forget this when talking about profitability.
Hiring more people isn’t always the right answer. You have to understand whether they’re likely to yield revenue growth in the near term OR whether you have access to cheap enough capital to fund your losses until your investments pay off.
Exec Summary:
Most companies (98+%) in the world (even tech startups) should be very profit-focused.
Being profitable allows you degrees of freedom you don’t have when you rely upon other people’s money.
- You may have leverage when you DO need to fundraise. (There are many investors who are not looking to build enormous businesses who value the fact that you can run a business on profitability)
- It allows you many more exit opportunities. While Google and Facebook will buy “acquihires” (at least as of Dec 2011), many acquirers hate the idea of buying companies that aren’t profitable. When they look at buying your company they often think in terms of “how long will it take until I earn back the profits to pay for my acquisition price?” If you’re not profitable you’re purely a cost center to them.
- Being profitable certainly makes your company more sustainable in difficult times.
The characteristics of somebody who should NOT focus on profitability include those who:
- Have or perceive that they have the opportunity to build an immensely scalable business. Internet scale.
- Have easy access to capital by investors who are committed to building businesses at an Internet-scale
As I like to say,
“If you’re really on to an enormous idea then other people in the market are going to spot that and want to compete with you.
If you have a market lead then raising capital and making investments now will help you as others enter the market.
If you don’t, somebody else WILL!”
The Details
I have had this discussion with many a first-time entrepreneur. They have raised $2–3 million, built a product that has some amount of market traction and got to annualized revenues of around $1 million.
At this level, as a founder, you feel SO CLOSE to profitability that many say, “I’m going to keep my costs really low this year to try and hit profitability. I don’t want to be beholden to investors.”
My response is often, “That’s fine. What’s your objective? Are you looking to potentially sell the company in the next year or two? Do you plan to run this as a smaller business but maintain healthy profits? Do you imagine eventually raising VC and trying to build a faster-growing company?”
Because of the circles, I run in I tend to meet many people who eventually do want to build large companies and therefore do want to eventually raise VC and “go big.” But they want to do it with leverage.
Investors
I often point out that investors at this stage care way more about growth than profits so be careful not to shoot yourself in the foot. I certainly understand the desire to be in control, which is what you are when you earn a profit. Just be careful that it doesn’t come at the expense of investments in growth.
The likely response of a VC to your company that raised $3 million and now is profitably doing $1.5 million in revenue three years later is, “So effing what?” Harsh, but in reality.
If you had huge customer growth but just didn’t focus on revenue that’s a different story. If you spent the 3 years perfecting some hugely differentiated technology IP that may also be different. But if you simply went more slowly to show you could earn a profit you may need to look for alternative funding sources to fuel your future growth.
Understanding Profitability
No discussion about profitability can sensibly happen without covering the basics first so please forgive the 101 nature of these charts.
Simplifying:
Revenue –
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) =
Gross Profit (also called Gross Margin or sometimes “Net Revenue”)
– Operating Costs
= Profit
When I look at an income statement (also called a profit & loss statement) I start by focusing on the revenue line. One thing that should matter to all people trying to understand the performance of a company is whether they have revenue growth.
I always remind journalists who ask me about public stocks. If you had two companies each with $100 million in “earnings” (profits) they might have vastly different prospects for the future. One company might be growing its revenue at 50% per year and the other might be growing at 5% per year.
Assuming they both had the same net profit margins (profit/revenue). Then the former company would be much better off at the end of the year.
So the simplest way that people often evaluate stocks is by P/E ratios (price-to-earnings). One also needs to look at other metrics such as the PEG (price-to-earnings-growth). [of course, there are MUCH more sophisticated financial tools than either of these, but PEG is a short-hand many people use]
Investors value growth
The value of a company is the expected value of all future cashflows discounted back to today’s dollar (because as you know a dollar next year is worth less than a dollar today). And a company that is growing more quickly is more likely to yield better overall profits in the future.
So for a start, when you want to evaluate companies you want to evaluate “growth.” Looking at earnings alone across two companies won’t tell you the picture of the different prospects.
And when you’re looking at even earlier-stage companies (as VCs do), you might be even more focused on customer growth than revenue growth.
The Nature of your Revenue Matters
When I do evaluate companies that already have revenue, I actually want to understand the revenue line in more detail. What makes up revenue? Is it one product line or multiple? Do 20% of the customers make 80% of the revenue or do the top 3 customers represent 80% of the revenue?
This is called “revenue concentration”. The more concentrated your revenue the higher the risk that your revenue could decline in the future.
I also try to understand things like how you’re pricing your product, your competitor’s price, and what your pricing expectations will be in the future. Fast early growth in a market is often eroded when the competition gets fierce and prices are forced down due to competition.
Revenue is Not Revenue is Not Revenue
But it’s not as simple as just looking at revenue in dollar terms. For example, look at the following graph. You’ll notice that although both companies have the same revenue every year. Company 1 has MUCH higher gross margins than Company 2 because the cost of sales (COGS) is much lower.
“COGS” represents the amount that each sale costs you. For example, if you sell your product through a third-party reseller who charges 30% of any sale then your COGS will be 30% of revenue (assuming no other costs of sales).
The example chart is not actually atypical. The first company represents a normal software company that sells its products directly (either via sales staff or directly off of the internet). Many software companies have 85–90% gross margins, which is why it has historically been a very attractive industry.
Company 2 might represent an “ad mediation company” where the company gets paid by ad networks for running ads on publisher websites and the company in turn must pay the publisher 85% of the revenue it collects. This is not atypical for “middle men” who often take 15–30% of the value of the sale
This could also be a travel website that gets paid a bounty for selling airline travel.
Companies like to have high numbers in their revenue column but this can be quite misleading. After all, if you sell $500 million of United Airlines tickets that isn’t really YOUR revenue. Your revenue is the $75 million you got paid in booking fees.
It could be an eCommerce website or “flash sale” where they are booking revenue from customers but then having to pay out a high percentage of the sale to the clothing manufacturer. Many eCommerce companies are in fact, middlemen. Gross margins can range from 15–40%.
I know you’re shaking your head and thinking, “duh” but I promise you that even some of the most sophisticated people I know get off track on this issue of “gross revenue” versus “net revenue.” I saw this firsthand with the growth of the “flash sale” category.
People kept saying,
“Company X is already doing $100 million in revenue! Wow! Amazing growth!”
Um, no,
“Company X is doing $100 million in gross revenue but is only at 12% margins which means the majority of the value is in the goods.
Many of these companies weren’t even taking physical possession of the goods in the early days. So they are really doing $12 million in “revenue.”
That in and of itself is an achievement. But it’s very different than $100 million in two years.”
Shouldn’t All Companies Want to Be in Profitability?
Not necessarily.
Let’s consider the following two software companies, both of which have 66% gross margins.
Both companies look the exact same after one year. They both raised angel/seed money of $1.5 million to fund operations in their first year of operations. Both companies lost $1 million in their first year.
Gross margins at 66% are fine (they’re selling through a reseller who takes a 33% margin) but their sales aren’t yet large enough to cover the costs of their IT development team + management + marketing + office costs, etc. In many Internet startups, 80% of the operating costs will be people.
So which company is better run?
The answer is that you have no way of knowing. A naive journalist might lament the fact that Company A is “not profitable” or is a typical Internet startup and not worried about costs. After all, they doubled their operating costs when they weren’t even profitable.
Actually, what did they do? They raised $5 million in venture capital to fund growth. They used the money to hire a bigger tech team so they could roll out their second product line. Hired a marketing team to promote their products more broadly.
Hired a biz dev team to work on deals where their product could be embedded in people’s products as a way to increase customer demand. They got a bigger office space so their employees would feel comfortable and they could improve employee retention.
If there was strong market demand for their product then this investment might pay off handsomely.
Let’s look at years 3–5 of the two companies’ profitability
Even though Company B initially looked prudent, it turns out that the investment that Company A made in people led to a higher annual growth rate. At the end of the year, 5 Company A has earned $14 million in cumulative profits (gains — investment years) while Company B has made $5 million.
Company A is now doing $47 million in annual revenue while Company B is doing $12 so years 6–10 appear rosier for Company A as well.
I know which company I’d rather have invested in. Growth matters.
But let’s consider an even more aggressive scenario. Let’s call it the “super high growth” Internet company. You know, the kind that unknowing commentators would be quick to lambast as being wasteful because they’re not profitable.
The company would have had to raise at least $35 million in venture capital to have funded operations like this. More likely they raised $50 million or more. Note that they likely raised this in 2–3 tranches, not all upfront or all at once.
Crazy? Stupid? Should they have slowed down operating costs in order to “make a profit?”
Again, it depends. If the growth is as spectacular as it is here and IF they have access to cheap capital then they’d be crazy not to have raised the VC and instead stayed unprofitable.
This is the trade-off between profitability & growth.
You can drive profits up by not investing today’s dollars in tomorrow’s growth.
The next time a journalist wants to slam Amazon for not being more profitable I wish they’d understand this. Amazon is continuing to grow at such a rapid pace that of course it should take some of today’s profits and reinvest them in growth.
If there is a company that can’t grow fast enough then they should do other things with their profits, like return them to shareholders.
A Final Note on Profitability vs. Being Cashflow Positive
More 101, but experience tells me this is worthwhile to many. Many investors care much more about cashflows than income statements.
It’s worth noting just for those who aren’t familiar with the difference between an Income Statement and a cash flow statement that “profitability” is not the same as being “cash flow positive.”
You can be in profitability while losing money.
Huh? I thought profitability meant you were making money.
Income statements are designed according to accounting standards that are designed to “match revenues & costs in the period for which they should be attributed.”
Quick examples:
1. An ad network (the middleman) might sell $500,000 in ads. It might agree to pay the publisher who runs those ads in 14 days. The advertiser who bought the ads might pay the ad network in 60 days.
So for this money, I might show that I’m profitable on my income statement but I might actually have paid out $500,000 that I didn’t receive yet (negative cashflow)
2. I might have sold a $1.2 million contract over two years. I therefore might be “booking” $50,000 per month in revenue on my income statement. But the customer may be paying me quarterly in arrears (at the end of the quarter). So for the first two months of every quarter, I’m showing revenue on my income statement that I don’t yet have in cash flow.
3. The same is true obviously on the cost side. I might have bought $450,000 in equipment that I amortize over the three years that I expect this equipment to be useful. So every year I show costs of $150,000 but I really spent the money up front.
Article Written By: Mark Suster
